The Bott Family Heritage

History with its flickering lamp stumbles along the trail of the past, trying to reconstruct its scenes, to revive its echoes and kindle with pale gleams the passion of former days.

"No one can ever really know who he is until he knows his ancestors", so said the author of "Roots", Alex Haley. His genealogical research on his own family back to Africa gave us his famous book and subsequent television mini-series which has had an incredible influence on people world-wide. Suddenly, many, many people wanted to know more about their own ancestry, and this interest has not decreased, but instead has accelerated since that time.

President Spencer W. Kimball of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints spoke at the 1980 World Conference on Records in Salt Lake City, saying, "Whether we recognize it or not, we are connected with our past, and we can fashion a better future if we draw upon the inspiration of the past and the lessons of History, both as a people and individually . . . When there is proper regard for the past and its people, we enrich the present as well as the future."

For Mormons, as we are called, there is much more to it than just a mere curiosity. There is a great concern for our connection to our ancestors and they to us, and it goes far beyond this life but into the eternities as well. They are indeed a part of us; and we have their genes that make us what we are today. We are here, blessed to be a part of the American scene, because of the actions of our ancestors.

The desire to start a new life in this land of opportunity could easily have been for economic reasons because life in Europe and Great Britain was never easy, and often living conditions were very difficult, taking every ounce of strength, fortitude and hard work just to keep body and soul together. However, for the Botts and Hunters/Fyfes and many thousands of other people, they left their native land to be with the "Saints" in Utah where the gathering of those converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints was taking place.

There were sacrifices that had to be made such as leaving family members who chose not to participate in the cause they had embraced, with the probability they would not see them again in this life. It also meant traveling across the ocean under very difficult circumstances to an unfamiliar part of the world, and starting over. This would not be easy, but, I, for one, will be eternally grateful to them for the choices they made.

There is a story to be told here that all of the descendants of "Maggie and Joe" [Margaret Allen Fyfe and Joseph Barfoot Bott] need the opportunity to hear. For that purpose is this history written. Thanks to Aunt Myrtle Hewitt, Beverly Betts Nye, Ruth Bott (Bert's wife), and perhaps others, much has been recorded about their lives, but for me, this is not enough. It needs to go back in time to the roots of our families in the mother country, the British Isles, where it all began. The goal of this writer is to bring to all descendants who might be interested, insight into the lives of these special grandparents and the environment into which they were born.

As a student in the tenth grade, I studied English history and was absolutely fascinated by what I was learning. This interest never left me, and as I grew older, I began to study England and Scotland from a different perspective. This time I began a serious study of the genealogical records of the people, my British ancestors.

I give my mother, Ruth Bott, much credit for collecting information on the Botts long before Marilyn and I were old enough to be interested in the research. Ren and Hazel Bott and Secelia Morris from the John Henry Bott family who have also helped tremendously. Together, Marilyn and I have updated and added new information to our family records, doing much research ourselves and using professional researchers where necessary. We have come to appreciate our progenitors and the difficult circumstances in which they had to live. We have come to know them in a way, and I hope that through this history, you, too, can come to appreciate them more. May you ponder the things that are written here because it is your heritage as well as mine.

HISTORICAL OVERVIEW

According to the World Book Encyclopedia, Great Britain ranks 72nd in size among the countries of the world, has less than two percent of the world's population, and has few natural resources. Yet for hundred's of years, she has been one of the world's most important countries. The British started the Industrial Revolution and founded the largest empire in history. She has also produced some of the world's greatest scientists, explorers, artists and political leaders.⁽¹⁾

Strategically, being surrounded by water was an advantage, but history tells us that from ancient times, there was a constant onslaught, militarily by the outside world, to conquer its inhabitants. George N. Wilson, author of "Coincidences? Pointers to our Heritage" (Wigan: Committee of North West British Israel World Federation) asks the searching question: "Why have the inhabitants of these islands (Britain) been so favored and protected over the centuries?" This favor and protection at times of extreme national peril (The Armada, Dunkirk, the Battle of Britain, etc.) can only be described as divine".⁽²⁾ It is interesting to me to learn that besides being very astute militarily by sending burning boats among the ships of the Armada, a huge storm arose and drove the Spaniards back in disarray, keeping them from conquering the British Isles.

My desire, then, is to pursue this avenue of thought and give the reader "some food for thought" and show that the British Isles have been watched over by the Lord through out the centuries for a very special reason. That this island was to play an important role in the restoration of His Gospel in the nineteenth century by a young modern-day prophet, Joseph Smith. I also want to tie this into our Scottish and English heritage and the role that the families of "Grammy and Papa" [Maggie and Joe] played in this restoration.

The scriptures tell us that prior to the destruction of Jerusalem, the ten tribes of the northern kingdom of Israel left captivity in Assyria and traveled northward. Many of them, primarily those of the tribe of Ephraim, dropped out of the group of travelers along the way, settling in various northern countries as they traveled. With the mixture of people settling in Britain, there is no doubt that many of them had the blood of Ephraim coursing through their veins. Of course the remaining tribes continued in a northward pattern and were subsequently lost to the world. The tribes of Judah and part of Benjamin stayed in Jerusalem at that time, but eventually were scattered following the destruction of Jerusalem, and as Jews, are presently in the process of returning to their homeland.

It is common knowledge that some of the descendants of the tribe of Judah became the royalty of Great Britain and Europe, while those of the tribe of Ephraim were the common man, many who would eventually be converted to the restored church, and carry on the work of the Lord, Jesus Christ in fulfilling the great Plan of Salvation of our Father in Heaven that we voted for in our pre-earth existence.

We usually think of America as the "melting pot" of the world, and it has been that for these past two hundred years or so. Actually, the British Isles has been a "melting pot" from ancient times, attracting people from all over the world. Traces of various ancient settlements have been discovered from archaeological excavations relating to different early cultures, many dating centuries before Christ. Some historians suggest that there may have been settlements by early Hebrews from the Middle East anytime from 100 to 300 years after the "great flood".

The Bible teaches that at one time, all the land was in one place and then separated following the "great flood". Scientists, today, have come to believe that this is true. Therefore, it is logical that the British Isles were once a part of continental Europe, breaking off due to the continental drift and other natural causes. Then, too, the discovery in England of the remains of mammals like those once common in western Europe, adds further proof to the theory.⁽³⁾

There are no written records of the Celtic people but only through archaeological excavations have scientists been able to develop hypothesis of their heritage. Evidently early peoples gradually began to leave the shores of the Mediterranean, immigrating into Central Europe with some traveling as far as Iberia (Spain and Portugal) to become known as “the Iberians.” Some went to what is now France and became the Bretons. And others remained in central Europe, which became the home of the Celts. Other possible forebears were “The Battle Axe People, ”known because of the battle axe they used, and those known as “the Beaker People” because they laid beakers in the tombs of their dead.

During these early periods of time there was a lack of cultural and social equilibrium, which was the basis for the Celts to become a distinctively European people rather than an Oriental civilization. Although Europe was influenced by what was happening in the Middle East to some degree, it did not become a “mere colony of the higher civilizations” found there. The Europeans adopted some of their ideas and techniques such as making pottery, which was distinctly different, and using polished stone tools. But the building of houses and farm buildings had to be adapted to their particular climate and needs.

By 500 B.C. the Celts had emerged as a recognizable people in Central Europe, primarily in Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland and the neighboring areas of southern Germany. Of course the area was open to the movement of various peoples gaining many ideas from various areas but there was a distinct development of learning and of the arts that was developed within the Celtic culture. Cultivation of wheat and other plants had been developed in the Middle East from the time of the great flood and this was one of the great achievements of the early Europeans who adopted what they had learned while living in the Middle East. Instead of being primarily collectors, hunters and fishermen, the way of life gradually changed to farming and domesticating their animals. However, changes in climate, over use of the soil and an increase in population caused the people to begin spreading throughout the land.

The first known settlers came to Britain somewhere between 1500 and 500 B.C., having to brave the sometimes wild waters of the channel. One of the first groups of people emigrated from "Iberia" during the days of Celtic Europe. They were a short, dark complexioned people and were known for their valor and tenacity, having withstood Roman occupation in Iberia for two centuries. Earlier, they had resisted the Celts in Iberia who had emerged as a distinct people, with the roots of both peoples probably starting in the Middle East.

The Celts created the first civilization north of the Alps eight centuries before the birth of Christ and spread from the North Sea to the Mediterranean and from the Black Sea to the Atlantic Ocean (National Geographic Insert, Celtic Europe, May, 1977). While they never managed to forge an empire, a stable state, or even an absolute ethnic unity, they laid the economic, social, and artistic foundations of civilization of northern Europe. Evidently, we owe a great debt to this Celtic heritage.⁽⁴⁾

Sometime around 500 B. C., the tall, light-haired Celts began to invade the island, coming from areas along the continental coast of Europe, ranging from Denmark to northern Italy. Most of the Iberians who survived the bloody assaults of these invaders, fled to the Scottish highlands and the mountains of northern Wales where some of their descendants can be found today. While there was intermingling of the various groups of people, particularly during the occupation of Rome, some pockets of Iberians were able to maintain an almost pure race of people.

While Rome was threatening the Celts in Europe, those who now lived on the island were in the process of developing their own culture from what they had learned in Europe. The land was covered with dense forests, but because they relied on farming and cattle for their livelihood, the forests were cleared and the wood used extensively in their buildings. Salt was discovered in Cornwall and maybe in other areas. However, we know that many of the men were engaged in mining the mineral as had been done in ancient times in parts of Europe. Also, with the development of iron working, for which the Celts were the inventors, iron swords were developed and much sturdier tools were made that helped the workers clear the land more efficiently, such as the simple plow and a type of harvester on wheels. They also pioneered the use of fertilizer and crop rotation.

Rich in oral tradition, ancient Celts rarely used a written language, and the details of everyday life must be pieced together from legends, archeological findings, and the writings of Irish Monks and of the ancient Greeks and Romans. There is some problem with the writings of the Romans and the Greeks as they were based on their own experiences and they looked on these people as savages. Actually, through excavations of their art, metal work and wearing apparel, these people did not appear to fit this category but were, in their own way, a dignified people, having an intellect worthy of further study.

The religion of the Celts was paganistic, but many of their beliefs had a strong Christian element for they believed that the soul did not die. They had a strong belief in an after-life and because they believed that they would pass from their body to another body in the next life, they had little fear of death. If they were a mixture of Hebrews and Celts, or if the Celts were descended from Hebrews, then it is easy to see how their religious beliefs could be a combination of paganistic and Christian beliefs.

Their priests were known as "Druids" and they were the educators and upholders of the laws ofthe tribe and acted a judge in most disputes. Although literate, they favored oral transmission of their teachings and attempted to keep secret all things concerning their activities.⁽⁵⁾ For this reason, very little is known about them except from the writings of Irish monks and legendary written stories that have survived among the modern Celtic people of Ireland. When the Romans invaded Britain, they were determined to destroy the pagan religion of the conquered and implement their own paganistic religion, as Christianity had not yet taken hold in Rome, but perhaps in Briton it already had begun. In a barrow (grave) of a Druid at Stonehenge, it was discovered that he had a breast-plate on his breast with the facsimile of those worn by the Hebrew High Priest.⁽⁶⁾ The soldiers launched a campaign to annihilate the priests, and as a result, a large number were massacred, killing their wives and children in the process.

Through my studies, I am coming to realize that a great deal of trading between ancient countries was going on throughout the "known world" and throughout, what we in modern times considered, the "unknown world". The Canaanites or Phoenicians that settled along the Mediterranean Sea's eastern shore in what we know as Lebanon, established lucrative trade routes in about 1000 B.C. Phoenician merchants, in their deep-hulled ships, braved the unknown winds, tides and currents of the western Mediterranean and founded settlements just about everywhere they touched, eventually exploring the Atlantic coasts of Africa and Europe and finding their way to "Briton".⁽⁷⁾ It is probable that many of those ships carried passengers on some of their journeys who were making a living as merchants on far-away shores.

Interestingly, the eminent British historian, Sir Edward Creasy, writes in his "History of England" that "The British mines supplied the glorious adornment of Solomon's Temple".⁽⁸⁾ This information gives credence to the idea that there was a great deal of trading as well as travel between Israel and Britain at a very early time.

It is thought that they founded an outpost on the Iberian coast, from which they eventually made voyages to Ireland and England, trading for tin and other metals. The tin was used to make copper into the more useful bronze and iron for yet harder tools. Traditions in England maintain that the Biblical Joseph of Arimathea earned his wealth as a tin merchant, often traveling to southwestern England where tin mines were prevalent. During the time that Jesus was growing up, Joseph is supposed to have controlled a major portion of the tin trade in the middle east and owned a large estate about eight miles north of Jerusalem at Arimathea, known today as Ramalleh on the caravan route between Nazareth and Jerusalem.⁽⁹⁾

Dr. Hansen, in his book "Whence Come They?", quotes several ancient sources saying that traditionally it is thought that within three years after the crucifixion of the Savior, Joseph left Jerusalem with eleven others because of the persecutions by the Jews. He was probably a marked man, demonstrating his loyalty to Jesus by asking for permission to bury the Savior following his crucifixion. He may have also brought with him to Glastonbury, an ancient town near the tin mines in Somerset, Mary, the mother of Jesus and Joseph’s daughter Anna, cousin to Mary. Also, by tradition, Anna is believed to have married into the royal line from which the House of Tudor is descended.

Tradition has it that Jesus, during the years between the ages of twelve and thirty, for which the Bible has no information, occasionally traveled to Cornwall with his uncle, where a peaceful atmosphere prevailed, different from that found in the Holy Land. This may have been in Cornwall and to Glastonbury in Somerset where the traditions seem to be the strongest. The school children of England and Australia where the majority of residents are of English extraction, have sung a song for decades about the possibility of Jesus walking on English soil. The poem "Jerusalem" by William Blake was put to music and used as a hymn:

And did those feet in Ancient times Walk upon England's mountains green? And was the holy lamb of God On England's pleasant pastures seen? (a few lines)

In Cornwall today, there are about twenty locations where traditions of the Lord's visits are still found. It was to remain isolated and peaceful as Roman legions were never able to conquer this part of England.⁽¹⁰⁾ Today it is still Celtic and has remained somewhat apart from the rest of England.

Glastonbury is a parish town in Somerset, but anciently, it was under water. Geologically there was a gradual change and a "Tor" or a high craggy hill was pushed up above the surface. An island was created which was referred to as "the Glass Island" because the water surrounding it was so clear. It was believed to be the legendary "Avalon", the British name for Glastonbury. The land continued to be raised up above the water, and in the third century B.C. local Celts founded two lake villages there, one of which may have become Glastonbury. There are many traditions connected with this area, one is that Cadbury Castle nearby Glastonbury is said to be the famous "Camelot". A spring within the walls used to be known as Arthur's Well and this is one of several places where it is suggested that King Arthur was buried.⁽¹¹⁾

The traditions that Jesus Christ was in England and that Joseph of Arimathea was there often and returned to die there following the crucifixion of the Savior is very dear among the hill folk of Somerset. Tradition it is, but the possibility is strong, considering the many sources that refer to it. Amongst the old tin workers in this area, who have always observed a certain mystery in their rites, there was a moment when they ceased their work and started singing a quaint song beginning "Joseph was a tin merchant."⁽¹²⁾

After his successful conquest of Gaul, Julius caesar made two armed reconnaissances of south-eastern Briton in 55 and 54 B. C. and attempted to establish a foothold there. But he was plagued by weather conditions that caused him a separation from his Calvary. In the second attempt, weather again played a negative role in his attempt to conquer the Britons. In the meantime, they were busy with gorilla warfare, making it difficult for the Romans to get needed supplies, and were using chariots against his soldiers which the Romans were unprepared to fight against. Although they were more successful on the second attempt, winter was approaching and they were unprepared to stay, so they retreated across the channel, intending to return the following year. But problems in Gaul kept them from returning then.

Political events in the Roman world after Caesar's assassination prevented any further plans for conquest until the following century, and it was not until 43 A. D., in the reign of Claudius, that Briton was invaded again. The country was divided into many separate kingdoms, and because there was no political unity among the various tribes, and they were lacking leadership and comparable war experience, the Romans were able to attack each tribe separately and take over most of England into parts of southern Scotland. The Romans could be very cruel, killing hoards of people that included women and children and taking many prisoners, sending them to Rome as slaves. It was interesting that they looked down on these Britons as savages when their own actions tended to be a bit on that side.

In spite of the cruelty of the Romans, they accomplished some major changes that were beneficial, changing Briton forever. During the nearly four centuries of occupation, they established a provincial and local government where native leaders could play a part, they built roads and established towns, walls and fortresses. In place of the fragmented tribes, they were replaced with a cohesiveness and a stability to the political balance of the island that had not been present before, and they gave the people some much needed protection from marauders. However, as the great Roman Empire began to fade, it became necessary for the Emperor to begin withdrawing his troops from Briton, which they did in 410 A. D. This opened the door for barbarians to seize upon the opportunity and they began to swarm onto the land from every direction. An appeal was made to Rome for help, saying, "The barbarians drive us into the sea, the sea throws us back on the barbarians and so two modes of death await us, we are either slain or drowned". To their disappointment, the appeal was unanswered and henceforth the Britons knew that they must fight alone.⁽¹³⁾

The homeland of the Anglo-Saxons in the centuries before coming to Briton was north-west Germany, the Jutes were considered neighbors to the north of the Angles who lived on the islands east of the Jutland peninsula. The Saxons were probably located in what is now Holstein in northern Germany. Their route to Britain was by way of the middle Rhine and they had begun to settle there before the Romans left Briton. Many of them were hired as mercenaries by the Romans to help fight their battles, but eventually they intermarried and settled there. They preferred to settle in the Roman-built villages located in river valleys, and followed a farming pattern based on large open fields divided into strips. More were encouraged to come to Briton to help fight the marauders and barbarians who come t inflict injury on the people and escape with contraband. By the end of the sixth century the Anglo-Saxons had become so strong that most of Southern Briton except for Devon, Cornwall and Wales, were subject to their rule.⁽¹⁴⁾

Rome took credit for bringing Christianity to Briton, and the fact remains that the early Church in Rome was the only Christian Church on the earth following the period of time that the Apostles of the Lord and early Church leaders were persecuted and killed. The church of Christ was no longer the Church that Christ had organized. There was truly a "falling away" as the Apostle Paul had predicted. We do not have a complete record of their travels, but we know that most of the early Apostles of the Savior found their way into different parts of the world, teaching the Gospel. But it would eventually be corrupted with a mixture of pagan and Christian beliefs.

There is some understanding by historians that Christianity, in some form, may have been there as early as the second century. But not until the fourth century do we have any records to show that forms of Christianity were present in Briton. There are writings of early church leaders that indicate that the Gospel was taught to the people of Briton at the time of the original apostles. Eusebius, the Bishop of Vercellae in 320 A.D., wrote in his Book 3, "The Apostles passed beyond the ocean to the isles called the British Isles." Only three of the original Apostles were definitely not chronicled as being in Briton, although it is recorded that at the death of Mary in about 48 A. D. all of the living original groupwere present at her request.⁽¹⁵⁾

In any event, it has been suggested that "the glory of Britain" is that she was the first country, which, in a national capacity, professed herself Christian when the Roman Empire itself was pagan, and a cruel persecutor of Christianity." Robert Parsons, the Jesuit, in his book "The Three Conversions of England", admits, in common with the great majority of Roman Catholic writers, that Christianity came into Britain direct from Jerusalem. ⁽¹⁶⁾

By 500 A.D., paganism was still widespread throughout Briton and Pope Gregory decided to send Augustine, who was in charge of the Pope's own monastery in Rome, to England to do missionary work and convert the Anglo-Saxons. Augustine, was quite successful, with ten thousand Englishmen being baptized in 597 A. D. The king [Ethelbert], himself, was one of the first converts. Gradually, the leaders of the various kingdoms were converted as missionary work spread throughout Briton.

The Vikings from Norway expanded their conquest from Scotland and began raiding along the east and west coasts of England and eventually sailing up the Thames River to London. They burned and pillaged the monasteries and Churches, returning home with their loot. Still, many of them settled there and intermarried within the population, establishing themselves in various cities and villages.

In 865, the Danes began attacking the eastern coast of Briton with the objective of conquering the island permanently. They were successful in their advances and were able to claim all but Wessex. It became known as "Danelau" and by 899, one half of England was under Dane rule. Lincolnshire, being on the eastern coast of England, where our earliest Botts were found, was heavily populated by the Danes. But Christianity had finally become strong enough that the heathen Danes could not destroy what the Christians had achieved.

On a visit to the city of York a few years back, I was amazed to see how their influence is still prominent, from street names to many other facets of life in that city, for it is a strong mixture of Danish and English culture. This influence could have been strengthened throughout the rest of England, had it not been for Alfred, King of Wessex. Because of his great military expertise and the leadership he gave to the cause, England could have very easily become part of Denmark.

Therefore, some mention has to be made of "Alfred the Great", the only king of England with that title. Of Saxon birth, he was born in 849 in the southern lowlands in Berkshire, which was now the Saxon homeland. He was king of Wessex when the land was divided, but his actions had an effect on the entire British Isles and its future.

Originally pagan, the Saxons had been Christian for two hundred years by the time Alfred was crowned king. He was raised in a religious atmosphere that stayed with him all his life. He vowed to devote half of his services, both day and night, and also half of all his wealth to God. He wrote, "While the creatures obey, their Creator sits on His throne and guides them all", and "The universe dances in an ordered pattern, arranged by God".

Alfred's abilities as warrior, military administrator and diplomat emerge very clearly from the narratives of his wars against the Danes. There are probably far more records written during his reign than before or after in Anglo-Saxon history. It was no mere accident, but the result of measures he took to record history. With his literary ability, he wrote about it, had it written down under his direction. This was a king who realized that military victories could continue to be won only if the internal fabric of his kingdom was strong enough to sustain the incessant strains imposed on it by continuous warfare. Alfred's greatness lay in the combination of widely diverse qualities in one man whose whole life was dedicated to the purpose of defending his kingdom and mobilizing all its latent strength. He felt that winning battles was only part of his function; he must also provide for the good government of his kingdom, a task which necessitated the cooperation of his subjects.⁽¹⁷⁾ Evidently, he had developed prestige in his reign and that had much to do with the affection the people had for him.

It was his regret that he had not received an education when he was young, so he set goals for himself: to restore general education throughout Wessex; to learn Latin himself; and to translate or commission translations of certain books that he felt all men should know. It was remarkable that a Saxon leader living in what we consider the "Dark Ages" should have such goals. It was even more remarkable that he was able to realize his goals to a very large extent.

He was a man for the times and through his efforts and ingenuity, he saw what needed to be done and provided the will to win in the dark days of the 870s, and prevented the Danes from changing history by conquering England. Alfred gave the monarchy of Wessex the prestige and power necessary for its development into the kingdom of England.⁽¹⁸⁾ No doubt, he played an important role in God's plan for his children that would have a definite influence at the time of the Restoration of the Gospel and the role England played in that Restoration. As I study the history of this particular part of the world, I can see the hand of the Lord in what was taking place. I do not believe it could possibly be "happenstance" in all events that took place down through the ages.

The year 1066 A. D. is a date in history of which most of us are familiar. William of Normandy invaded and attacked the army of Saxon King Harold to assert his claim to the English throne after the death of "Edward the Confessor". He was crowned on Christmas day of that year. It was an extremely important event because "The Normans transformed England through a combination of brute force and cultural sophistication".⁽¹⁹⁾

At the Battle of Hastings in what is now Sussex, William's archers and cavalry overcame the foot soldiers of King Harold II, killing him by an arrow through his eye. The tide had turned forever against the Saxons. Their kingdom underwent a radical transformation, and although native Englishness later reasserted itself, the nation was never the same again.⁽²⁰⁾

Who were the Normans and just how did they affect the island? First of all, they were not really French but had descended from the Vikings who had settled in northern France in about 911. The name "Normans" meant "Northmen", coming from their Scandinavian homeland. By the time they arrived in England they had adopted the French culture as their own. They brought with them a very comprehensive form of government that was a feudal system that bound everyone in allegiance to the king.⁽²¹⁾

Land ownership was a key factor which deprived the natives of their land. William donated about half of the country to a few Norman families for services rendered, kept about a fifth for himself and granted the rest to the Church. The Domesday Book was compiled for him so he knew about every piece of land in England and how much it was worth. The Tower of London was built during his reign, not only for protection from the people, but to keep the natives under control. Many Saxon villages were torn down, driving the people from their homes so that the Norman Barons could rule more effectively. Some of this land was cleared to create large hunting reserves for the so-called royalty.

William was a cruel and selfish ruler but he established peace by keeping other predators away from the shores. The Normans, according to author Michael Jenner, put the material and physical backbone into the Church of England. Saxon clergy were gradually ousted and replaced by Norman clergy, Latin/French was introduced into the language, Norman architecture became prevalent, and they brought England more firmly into the mainstream of European culture and politics.⁽²²⁾

The Normans used England as a home-base to battle Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Robert de Brus, the Heroic warrior king of Scotland, was also Norman. Their feudalism was a discrimination of race, language and background. In other words, the Normans were snobs, and today, some of England's greatest families are essentially Normans who have passed on their feudal systems of the past. Eventually, because of intermarriage, the Normans disappeared as a distinct group. Jenner calls it "the greatest disappearing act of all times". They ruled until 1154.

In 1189 Richard I (the Lion-Hearted) was the reigning king but he left his brother John to rule while he spent most of his time in the Holy Land fighting in the third Crusade. He forced the people to pay high taxes to support his armies. John was cruel and treacherous and the legendary Robin Hood supposedly fought against John.⁽²³⁾

Since there was no real control over a king's power, the people were at the mercy of the king. When Richard died in 1199 and John became king, he became so abusive in the way he handled power that the Barons drew up a list of rights they wanted King John to grant them. At first he refused, but the Barons raised an army to force the king into granting more rights to them. And although there was protection written into the law, it granted more power to the Barons than to the ordinary people. But it established the basis for more democratic rule such as trial by jury, due process of law, which became the basis, in part, for our American democracy through the Bill of Rights and Constitution.⁽²⁴⁾

Starting with John Wychiffe in the 1300s, some very brave men began to come forth, having the courage to oppose the Roman Catholic Church in some of their teachings. By that time, this was the only Christian church on the earth, and it had become completely entrenched for so many centuries that successful opposition to it was almost impossible. The common man did not have the Bible to read for himself so he was dependent on what the Church was teaching.

Oxford scholar, John Wycliffe, began a strong reform movement in 1324 and spent his entire life working on translating the Bible into English, being the first one to accomplish such a task. His efforts to translate and distribute the Bible have earned him the title "Morning Star of the Reformation".⁽²⁵⁾ It took an expert copyist ten months to copy the Bible as it was written, and a few people could even afford to rent parts of it to read, let alone to own one. The cost of renting a Bible for one hour was a load of hay. Church authorities threatened to persecute anyone in possession of one and even burn them at the stake. Wycliffe and his followers would travel the countryside with the Bible manuscripts under threat of death if caught sharing the Bible. Many were burned at the stake, often with a piece of the Bible (all they could afford) dangling around their necks. The preface to the Wycliffe Bible contains a prayer that shows the spirit and circumstances under which they labored:

God grant to us all, grace to know well and keep well the holy writ, and suffer joyfully some pains for it at the last.⁽²⁶⁾

The next great Biblical translator was William Tyndale, born in 1492. During his lifetime the Gutenberg printing press was available and it took seven or eight years to print the first copy and more than twenty years from their first experimentation with movable type and better kinds of paper and ink. Tyndale is considered father of our present English Bible. Also an Oxford scholar, he saw the need to make an English translation directly from the Hebrew and Greek texts, while Wycliffe had used the Latin Vulgate because he knew Latin but not the original languages of Hebrew and Greek. He was a popular teacher and often turned to his Hebrew and Greek texts to refute his opponents, showing that in some instances the Latin Vulgate Bible had been translated incorrectly. Often he would find that the priests would follow him and turn the people away from what he had taught them because they did not have the scriptures and had to rely on teachings of the Priests. Once when engaged in earnest debate with a learned clergyman over giving the common people a Bible they could understand, Tyndale said, "If God spare my life, I will take care that ere many years the boy that driveth the plow shall know more of the Scripture than thou dost."⁽²⁷⁾

At great personal sacrifice and persecution, Tyndale was able to print the New Testament in English, but the bishop of London called the translation "a pestiferous and most pernicious poison" and the clergy proceeded to buy up all the copies, conducting public burnings until today there are only three copies of his new Testament printing in existence. As he worked on translation of the Old Testament, he was betrayed by a supposed friend, kidnaped and put in prison near Brussels, where he suffered mentally and physically for eighteen months until in October of 1536, when he was taken from his cell and tied to a stake. There he uttered a loud prayer: "Lord, open the King of England's eyes!" (Referring to King Henry VIII who had ignored efforts to grant his subjects personal and religious freedom). Tyndale was then strangled to death and burned, the price he paid for wanting the common man to have the holy scriptures.⁽²⁸⁾

Others such as John Huss, born in 1369 in Bavaria, protested what was being taught and forced on people through the church and was burned at the stake as a heretic in 1413. Many other brave souls would meet the same fate in the ensuing years, but the momentum had started and would continue until freedom of Religion would eventually lighten a darkened world.

In 1505 Martin Luther became a priest in the Roman Catholic Church and obtained a doctor'sdegree from Oxford in theology. He was appointed a Professor of Theology at the University at Wittenberg, holding that position for his lifetime. As a youth he was already puzzling over questions that led to the reformation. As a professor he was using the Bible for the main part of his teaching, asserting the absolute authority of the Holy Scriptures above all teachers and churches. He did not like what he saw in how the Bible was interpreted. His protest was against the abuse of indulgences and to bring the mater to discussion in the learned world, he wrote ninety-five theses in Latin and posted them on the door of the castle church as the "bulletin board" of the university.⁽²⁹⁾ The Reformation was underway and the world would never be the same again. Luther symbolized the split between the Protestants andRoman Catholics, which has affected every nation in Europe as well as North and South America.⁽³⁰⁾

Henry VIII never realized that he was playing an important role in the "Great Reformation" as well as in the preparation for the restoration of the Gospel of Jesus Christ in 1830. He left the Roman Catholic Church because they would not allow him to divorce his wives when they did not produce the son that was destined to be his heir. By taking this step, he no longer recognized their authority and proceeded to start the Church of England, becoming its head and starting a tradition that is still in effect today. In 1588, as head of the Church of England, he required his ministers to keep a register of all the births, marriages and burials that took place in each parish. As a result, we have been able to trace our families way back and have the temple ordinances performed for them. Not all registers are still in existence since 1588, but many of them are, and it is fortunate that these valuable records are available for us to use in our searches today.

The new United States of America patterned its laws after those established in Great Britain, and special men were raised up by God to write the Declaration of Independence, The Constitution and the Bill of Rights, to prepare the way for the restoration of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. For the first time since the meridian of time, the heavens were once again opened and under divine direction of the resurrected Savior, His church was once again established on the earth, having been organized April 6, 1830. All the keys of heaven were eventually restored through a living prophet, Joseph Smith, with the authority to act in His name.

In 1834, the Prophet Joseph Smith, told a small group of priesthood holders: "You know no more concerning the destinies of this Church and Kingdom than a babe upon its mother's lap. You don't comprehend it . . . It is only a little handful of Priesthood you see here tonight, but this Church will fill North and South America ­ it will fill the world. It will fill the Rocky Mountains. There will be tens of thousands of Latter-day Saints who will be gathered in the Rocky Mountains . . . This people will go into the Rocky Mountains; they will there build temples to the Most High.⁽³¹⁾

Eight years after the church had been organized, several of the recently ordained Apostles had been called by the Lord to begin expanding their missionary efforts across the ocean to England. This was truly an apostolic age. Even though the apostles were young, they had been prepared for their tasks before they ever landed in Liverpool. They came not only with experience and discipline, but also with all the keys of their apostolic offices. And as the Lord had prepared them, so had he prepared the people of Britain. The apostles reaped the harvest of the Lord.⁽³²⁾

One of their advantages, they shared language, culture, and heritage with these missionaries from America. Freedom of religion had become a strong tradition in Britain and there was not the strong reliance upon clergy as in Europe at that time. The people loved to read the Bible which was the same King James version being used by the missionaries. The laws also gave them the same rights as any other ministers preaching there.

With the seventeenth century Civil War, headed by Oliver Cromwell, thousands of people were displaced. The Industrial Revolution started in Britain, changing the living conditions and the social standing of the lower classes, which left them feeling they had been abandoned by their ministers. Many people were tired of their way of life and were seeking spiritual and temporal satisfaction and support in their lives. It also brought families from the outlaying areas causing them to break with traditions that might ha e inhibited their acceptance of the gospel. More importantly, it put people in the right places at the right time for the missionaries to find those who would accept the gospel.

John Taylor, who was born in England and had emigrated to Canada, and Wilford Woodruff were the first of the 'Apostolic' missionaries to arrive in England. A group of six hundred members of a religious society that had formed as the "United Brethren" in Herefordshire, heard Elder Woodruff preach and all but one of the group accepted the restored gospel and were baptized. Hundreds of others in the vicinity also joined the Church. As their success became more evident, the English clergy began to persecute them and preach anti-Mormon sermons and agitated the local press to harass them.⁽³³⁾ The first baptisms took place in Preston, which is significant as one of the newest temples is there.

As an example of the opposition they faced, Elder Woodruff tells how he was surrounded by a hostile mob as he was preaching in a village. When some of the villagers requested baptism, Wilford told them that if they had faith enough to be baptized, he had sufficient faith to administer the ordinance, in spite of the threatened physical violence. The small group walked down to a pond and was soon surrounded by a mob armed with stones. He said, " walked into the water with my mind stayed on God and baptized five persons while they were pelting my body with stones, one of which hit me on the head and came very near knocking me down."⁽³⁴⁾ Even with strong laws to support their activities, Elder Woodruff was reminded of the strong opposition to the restored gospel.

Through the efforts of Wilford Woodruff and others, some eighteen hundred people were converted in the three-county area of Hereford, Worchester, and Gloucester. Visiting the market town of Ledbury, Elder Woodruff was invited by the Baptist minister to preach to his congregation. Afterward the minister and several of the congregation requested baptism. Elder Woodruff wrote, "The whole history of this Herefordshire mission shows . . . the people were praying for light and truth, and the Lord sent me to them."⁽³⁵⁾

About six months later, Brigham and Heber were called to start their mission to Great Britain. Both men were so ill that they had to be helped into their wagon. Al of the Kimball family were ill and bedridden except for their four year old boy who could only carry water to the sick. As they drove off, Heber said he felt that "my very inmost parts would melt within me at leaving my family in such a condition, as it were almost in the arms of death." But the family was blessed and all of the sick recovered. They left with $13.50 in donations, yet they spent more than $87 on coach fares. They had no idea how the additional money had gotten into the trunk except they knew it was through the help of the Lord.

Brigham Young assumed the leadership in the British Mission and demonstrated great spiritual and administrative ability in his leadership. On one occasion, while visiting Elder Woodruff in Herefordshire where he was serving, Brigham, through the power of the priesthood, brought about a miraculous healing. Mary Pitt, an invalid for eleven years, and her brother, William, were baptized the day before his arrival. While he was there, William asked Brother Brigham to give his sister a blessing. Elder Woodruff recorded, "We prayed for her and laid hands upon her head. Brother Young was mouth and commanded her to be made whole. She laid down her crutch and never used it after, the next day walking three miles." Mary Pitt was only one of many healed through the power of priesthood blessings given by Brigham Young.⁽³⁶⁾

The Prophet Joseph Smith recognized both the leadership experience gained by the Apostles and the sacrifice that they and their families had made as a result of the Twelve Apostles' mission to Britain. He recorded: "Perhaps no men ever undertook such an important mission under such peculiarly distressing and unpropitious (adverse) circumstances . . . However, notwithstanding their afflictions and trials, the Lord always interposed in their behalf, and did not suffer them to sink in the arms of death. Some way or other was made for their escape ­ friends rose up when they most needed them and relieved their necessities; and thus they were enabled to pursue their journey and rejoice in the Holy one of Israel. They, truly, 'went forth weeping, bearing precious seed, 'but have returned with rejoicing, bearing their sheaves with them.'⁽³⁷⁾

Upon his return from his mission, Apostle Heber C. Kimball inquired of the Prophet Joseph Smith regarding strong spiritual feelings he experienced while laboring in the Preston area in western England. He was told by the Prophet that the ancient prophets had preached there.⁽³⁸⁾

The Amazon was one of the few ships to embark from London rather than Liverpool with LDS emigrants in June of 1863. Perhaps this is one reason why Charles Dickens decided to investigate the Mormons, as he had befriended a young Mormon boy earlier whose family were planning to emigrate. Most of what he had heard about the Mormons was negative, so he went on board half expecting an unpleasant experience but determined to be an unbiased observer. He was pleasantly surprised. In a fair and entertaining article published a fortnight later, he described his experience in detail. Dickens was most impressed by the orderliness, sobriety, sensibility and serenity of the Mormon emigrants. After describing their conditions he concluded: "I went on board their ship to bear testimony against them if they deserved it, as I fully believed they would; to my great astonishment they did not deserve it; and my predispositions and tendencies must not affect me as an honest witness. I went over the Amazon's side feeling it impossible to deny that, so far, some remarkable influence had produced a remarkable result, which better known influences have often missed."⁽³⁹⁾

These British converts brought spirituality, enthusiasm, and leadership to the Church during this critical period in church history. By 1850 there were over thirty thousand members in Great Britain, and as their emigration to the United States increased during the pioneer period, so did their impact on the Church.

HERITAGE OF MARGARET ALLAN FYFE

Little has been said about the northern part of Briton because most of the very early settlement started in the southern parts of the island and gradually moved northward. There were pockets of barbarians and eventually the Vikings who regularly attacked the northern island. The Britons occupied the area around Strathclyde (central Scotland) and the Romans controlled this part of Scotland until they left for good. They called the land northward, Caledonia and the people living here, "Picts" because they evidently painted their bodies, and the Latin word for painter being "pictor". There is another school of thought that believes the term "Pict" indicates their ability to weave multi-colored cloth, that is tartans, which for some reason, the non-Celtics never seemed to have mastered.⁽⁴⁰⁾ Today the tartans are a definite symbol of Scotland and very popular with people of many nations.

It is about the size of Belgium and the Netherlands together with about one-fifth of theirpopulation, with most of the people living in the lower industrial areas and cities. It is divided broadly into Highlands, a group of mountains, moors, ravines and fast moving streams; and Lowlands, which are not really low but a series of smooth hills, pastures intersected by river valleys and belts of manufacturing towns. It is a land of breath-taking beauty, of Lochs, snow covered peaks and rugged cliffs, which creates a feeling of independence, that so reflects the independent spirit of its people. Its glens and valleys are green, oh so green, with soft, gentle hills. One has a hard time picturing a history of violence and constant battles there throughout the ages in what appears to be such a peaceful setting.

The Roman historian Tacitus records a tantalizing tidbit on Scotland's first named battle, when red-haired warriors with painted bodies were defeated by a Roman force at Mons Graupius, a site as yet unidentified.⁽⁴¹⁾ They were predominately a group of Irish settlers that called themselves "Scotti", meaning "gaelic speaker". They were forced out of their Irish homeland, starting in 300 A. D., and settled in the western part of Scotland, which is now Argyll. Eventually they gained enough of a stronghold that they had the greatest influence on the name by which the country would eventually be known. However, at that time, their piece of Scotland would be called "Dalriada".

Scotland's early years were a time of battles and bloodshed, and it was not until 844 when Scotland became united under its first king, Kenneth MacAlpin. This came about because of the weakened conditions of the northern Picts and Scots on the western coast who were constantly attacked, pillaged and ravaged by the Vikings. For the first time, Alba was adopted as the name of the kingdom, a gaelic word that described the now combined Scot-Pictish kingdom north of the rivers Forth and Clyde.⁽⁴²⁾

They were a fierce people and had to be, to withstand the barbarian invasions of the Norsemen and the Danes in those northern island and in the highlands. This went on for centuries, not to mention the continual warfare going on with the various tribes in what is now England. Rome did their best to conquer Scotland but succeeded in only reaching into the southern part of the country. Scotsman, Nigel Tranter, in his book "The Story of Scotland", maintains that the majority of modern day Scotsman are descended from the Picts (Celt-Iberians). However, there is an interesting mixture of bloodlines located in different areas of Scotland that also includes Rome, Norse, Saxon, Irish Celts, Jute, Angle, Norman which originally came from Scandinavia, and French. This is not too different from the varius peoples living in Briton.

The Romans never really conquered Scotland, except for a time when they held the southern part. Because of their fierce desire for independence it was a constant battle to keep some kind of control over the people and to keep those in the south from combining forces with those in the north to threaten the Roman soldiers. So they built a wall and named it after the Roman emperor, "Hadrian". At one time there were 12,000 Roman soldiers stationed at the wall. It was 73 ½ miles long, eight to ten feet wide and twenty feet high with a nine foot ditch on the north side. There were turrets and small forts built in strategic places along the wall. When the Romans left, the wall was left to deteriorate, but parts of it are still visible today.

Attempts were made to establish a more northerly frontier by building another wall called the Antonine Wall after another emperor, however the troops were being stretched to the limit and eventually it became ineffective.

The clans, meaning family in Gaelic, were an important part of life in the Highlands. It was a protection for the family and powerful tool against the crown. The crown wanted the land when the laws of the clans maintained that specific lands belonged to the clans. Grammy's ancestors were found mainly in the lowlands where the clans were not prevalent. However, it is hard to determine if some of the families might have been part of a clan. Some of the family names would indicate they were clan names. In any event, these family organizations had a great effect on all Scotland.

The clansmen were fond of music and dancing. The harp and the bagpipes were the chief musical instruments. Field sports were engaged in to keep them strong and active in times of peace, making archer, fencing, and wrestling popular. For many centuries tartan formed part of the everyday garb of the Highland People, and while it was worn in other parts of Scotland it was in the Highlands that its use continued and developed until it became recognized as a symbol of Clan kinship.⁽⁴³⁾ Credit is given to the Celts for the fine workmanship of the Tartans that was evident at the times of the Romans according to their writings.

Food was procured by hunting, fishing or cultivation. Beef, mutton venison, game and poultry were eaten. Cattle and sheep were raised ­ or stolen ­ while deer, goats and game birds could be hunted on the high grounds. Milk, cheese and butter were at hand, oatmeal and barley-meal were prepared in various ways. Honey, too, was in use. Fish was not in such common use in inland districts, although salmon was plentiful. The surplus fish in districts bordering the sea exported the surplus to the Lowlands and foreign countries. Herbs and wild fruits were pleasant varieties to their diet, while whiskey, home-brewed beer ane exported foreign wines were the main part of their beverages.

An extensive history is impossible to cover, for that is not the purpose of this history. I mainly want to show some of the events that had a very definite effect on Scotland and the lives of our ancestors. Therefore, we jump very quickly to 1707 when Scotland became part of the British kingdom. The Highlanders continued to protest and uprisings took place in 1715, 1719, and 1745 for the last time. Following this last uprising, the Clans were broken up and it became a serious crime to wear the kilt, to own weapons or to even play the bag pipe. The chieftains lost their power and became landowners, raising sheep instead of crops because it was more profitable for them. Less man-power was needed and thousands of highlanders had to leave the glens, some to work in towns and others to migrate to other lands.

Andrew Fisher, in the preface to his book "A Traveler's History of Scotland" said: "A capacity to resist and survive is central to Scotland's History ... The Norsemen were contained and defeated. Even the English with their vastly superior numbers and their capacity for patient organization and stagecraft, achieved no permanent conquest and subjugation. The act of Union did not mark Scotland's unconditional surrender to Anglo-Saxon supremacy, but rather admitted the Scottish people to a "partnership in an expanding global enterprise."

A monk by the name of St. Ninian first introduced Christianity into southern Scotland in Galloway in about A.D. 396, but one of the truly great Christians in Scotland and a man who needs to be mentioned, was Columba, a man of royal background, born in 521 in Ireland. His grandfather, King of Donegal had been converted and there is little doubt that he received a Christian education. Columba grew into a tall, handsome, fair-haired and well built, man. He was a notable horseman, fond of sports and had a fine singing voice, but was also known to have a hot temper. He rejected a princely life to become a monk. He still moved in Irish aristocracy, but sought to put Christian principles into action. He was a tireless missionary, founding many monasteries in Ireland. Then he became involved in a war between Christians and Pagans and many were killed. This troubled him to the extent that he left Ireland and went to Scotland and settled in Iona in the northern part of the land. Here he continued his great work building monasteries and churches in Scotland. He converted the high king of the Picts, which was a major victory for Christianity.

Stories and legends are numerous, with many miracles and unlikely happenings involving him that may have been embellished down through the ages. This would not have pleased him because he was a practical man and had the common touch and a most realistic attitude towards religion and worship. Unlike the Celtic nobles, he insisted on working always with his own hands, building, ploughing, milling, humping sacks of grain, digging holy wells, carpentering like his "Master" ­ all of which endeared him to the ordinary folk. He died in the late 500s or early 600s, leaving Alba firmly Christian and having a great influence on Christianity in his day and is considered one of the great men who had major influence on Scotland's history. His influence was also felt beyond Scotland and into other parts of Briton. He had thirty-four years for his might task and succeeded almost beyond any other missionary effort since Christ's own apostles.⁽⁴⁴⁾

The state church in Scotland was and still is today, the Presbyterian Church. Freedom of religion in the British Isles has made it possible that all churches can be represented there. But is was very different even in the nineteenth century and especially before that time. Parallel to the history of our country, Scotland took on a look of Puritanism as we see in New England of the same period. People were censured if they missed attending church on Sundays. The ruling elders (the kirk session) of the church were chosen from the congregation and ruled it with an iron hand, fining those absent from service. They might also take the lead in initiating witchcraft trials in which hundreds of innocent people died in the seventeenth century, and they always took the lead in punishing sexual misdemeanors.⁽⁴⁵⁾

Two young Scotsmen, converted in Canada, arrived in Glasgow in 1839 as the first L. D. S. missionaries to Scotland. Apostle Orson Pratt followed in 1840 and found there were already twenty converts as a result of these missionaries' efforts. Elder Pratt established the first Scottish branch in Paisley, which is near Glasgow, in May of 1840. In the latter part of the month, he traveled to Edinburgh and dedicated Scotland for the preaching of the gospel, asking the Lord for two hundred converts. The work in Edinburgh was slow, because of apathy and some prejudice against the missionaries. But after ten months of hard work and sometimes holding as many as seven street meetings in one day, the membership there climbed from eighteen to two hundred twenty-six converts. Hard work and faith in the Lord's help paid off and he got his two hundred plus converts.⁽⁴⁶⁾

But the efforts of the missionaries were not quite as successful in Scotland as in England. Traditions of the Church of Scotland and the differences of beliefs contributed to some of the persecution and disorder that accompanied the proselytizing efforts. Missionaries were stoned in Kilpatrick and mobbed in Busby and Joseph Smith's effigy was burned at the tollbooth in Clackmannan in 1842. No doubt, Grammy's family were well aware of this event.

At Crosshill in Ayrshire in 849 a mob of 300 men, women and children surrounded the house in which a meeting was being held and disturbed the assembled Saints by howling and throwing stones. After the meeting adjourned, about a hundred members of the mob followed the Mormons, throwing stones and abusing them. Tyrannical employers prevented a number of investigators from joining the Church, by threatening to dismiss them if they joined. But in Paisley when a mob broke up a Mormon meeting, its leaders were arrested for disturbing the peace. The magistrate promised that he would mete out heavy punishment if they attempted to disturb another Mormon meeting, asserting that Scottish law would protect the preacher in the barn as well as the one in Pulpit.⁽⁴⁷⁾

On the other hand, a missionary took the Gospel to Dysart in Fyfe in 1842 and the response of two young men was: "If angels appeared anciently, why not now?" George Gordon Campbell, a respected elder in the Church of Scotland in the villages of Glaston, returned from a walk on Glaston Moor New Years Day, 1879, not realizing that the strangers he saw speaking at the village cross would have an impact on him and his family. He stopped to listen to what they said and later recounted that at that moment a distinct voice spoke to him, saying: "This is the gospel of Jesus Christ; accept it and you will be saved; reject it and you will be damned." He turned to see who spoke to him, but saw no one. He moved closer to the strangers and listened to their message. Within a few weeks he was baptized and set in motion events which changed him forever, as well as a large segment of his family. Long after he left Scotland for Zion, his conversion was remembered by the Ayrshire saints.⁽⁴⁸⁾

Most of the accounts of early converts give the impression that those who converted were from homes in which religious values were dominant. Alexander Baird recalled that his grandfather, who had died before the Church was established, had told his children that the 'true gospel' was not yet on the earth, but that some day it would be restored as in the days of Jesus. Alexander puzzled over how a good God could send bad boys to hell and he and his sister often prayed in the fields that this would not be their fate. After hearing the missionary's discourse on the LDS concept of God he 'knew' immediately that the doctrine was true, and at fourteen years of age was baptized.⁽⁴⁹⁾

The Highlanders heard the Gospel preached in Gaelic and a 'few hardy sons and daughters of the mountains' accepted the message, but it was not in those heather hills but rather the chimney-stacks and crowded, dank alleys of industrial Scotland that 'echoed with the songs of Zion'. In terms of socio-economic class, the Scots who responded to the gospel message neither the upper class nor the dregs of society that many of their critics claimed.⁽⁵⁰⁾ The bulk of the LDS Branches were situated in the industrialized shires of Lanark, Renfrew, Midlothian and Ayr. The Saints were the solid working class with almost half of the males identified with the mining industry, some with the textile industry, labourers, metal workers, blacksmiths, leather industry, carpenters, stonemasons, gardeners, farmers, bakers and rope makers. Obviously these workers helped build Scotland and contributed a great deal to Utah. From 1840 to 1855, some seventy branches were organized in the foremost industrialized shires of Lanark, Renfrew and Ayr. Most of the other branches were situated in the vicinity of Sterling, Fife, Clackmannan and Edinburgh: All Scottish lowlands, and all heavily involved in coal mining.⁽⁵¹⁾

Between 1852 and 1856 more than 1,000 saints emigrated to America, and by the end of the century 5,000 Scots had gathered to Zion. In all, a total of 9,000 people came from Scotland to complete the gathering of the converts from Scotland. Their strength was needed at that time to help build the young church in Utah. But today, they are encouraged to stay in their own countries and build up the church there.

In May of 1995, Dick and I, along with our son, Brian and grandson, Eric, visited Scotland, later traveling into England. We flew into Glasgow, rented a car and headed for Clackmannan. I had always wanted to visit Grammy's place of birth, after spending a lot of time researching in the records until I felt like I really knew the area and some of its people. Through years of studying the maps and searching in the records, I felt like I personally knew all the villages and towns in the area, but I wanted to see it in its colorful setting. The weather was beautiful the day we landed and we began our drive to Clackmannan, which was on the way to Edinburgh where we would spend the night. We were in the lowlands of central Scotland and were surrounded by low rolling hills that were very green and beautiful. I could not take my eyes off the scenery and wanted so much to remember everything I was seeing. There were some very pretty yellow shrubs lining the road as we traveled that added a lot to the scenery and I was curious as to what it was. Later, at the hotel, I asked one of the clerks about it and I was disappointed to learn that they were "nothing but weeds and grew far too profusely to suit them".

Since it was on the way, we took time to stop and visit the famous Sterling Castle, where so much Scottish history took place. Previously, I had been serving a Family History part-time mission and was assigned to the Medieval Department and was working with Scottish Royalty. I was completely enraptured by the history I found there, and it all came to life for me. The castle was fascinating as we wandered through the rooms and out on the walkways around the castle.

It sits high up above the valley where most castles are built and it was breathtaking to look out over the land below, which we could see for miles. An old church was situated below and we took time to visit its cemetery with all its old tombstones in place. Many times I wished I had ben better prepared with all the necessary records so I could look for graves of ancestors from this area. But many of them are no longer readable, most likely the ones in which I would be interested. It was also a museum so we could see a lot of displays relating to Scottish history and all the very important events, including battles that occurred here. Many of our ancestors lived very close to this castle, which made it very special to me.

We continued our journey towards Clackmannan, but stopped at the village of Alloa on the way. Many of our ancestors, particularly the Patersons, lived here and it is quite close to Clackmannan. A charter was granted by King Robert I in 1215, calling it ALWAY, sometimes AULWAY or ALOWAY. The Celts called it ALLAOIGH anciently. The name signifies "water" or "way to the water". There are no mountains or high hills in the vicinity of the parish, however the lofty Ochils mountain range can be seen in the distance. It is near the Firth of Forth and the Devon River flows close by. People of that day considered it a healthy place to live. It really is a beautiful valley and borders Clackmannan Parish.

We stopped in Alloa and inspected their oldest Church and cemetery, hopeful I would find some information I was looking for. Unfortunately many of the tombstones were unreadable. People there suggested we visit the public library as they had copy of the cemetery records, which we did. But it was disappointing to find that the copy was made years too late and it did not help me. The village was so picturesque and I would love to visit it again. I was disappointed that I did not have my camera with me and had left it in the car.

Clackmannan is located on a ridge, two miles from the Firth of Forth. The name, Clackmannan, is derived from a welsh work, Clack, which means "rock" and the mannan part is taken from a Gaelic word or place "Manoa" (something close to that). Clackmannan's most impressive landmark is the Clackmannan Tower, which stands on King's Hill, once the site of a royal hunting lodge. The castle was built in the fourteenth century on land that was donated by King David II to his kinsman, Robert Bruce, the illegitimate grandson of King Robert Bruce, the first king of Scotland, after the battle of Bannockburn in 1314.⁽⁵²⁾ This and other battles fought very close to Clackmannan and Alloa were very important battles that had a great effect on Scotland's history.

I got very excited as we drove along the road and saw a sign that said "Clackmannan". The land in this part of the central lowlands is fertile and used for agriculture purposes. It seemed very isolated with a lot of green fields surrounding it. The very road that took us into the village was a quiet street called "Riccarton", not the hamlet that I thought it would be. There were no houses on the other side of the road where Grammy was born but just around the corner we unexpectedly found ourselves in Clackmannan proper.

I knew which row house was William and Elizabeth Fyfe's from the census records. William's parents were living in the one next door. In a way, I was disappointed because the row houses have been restored since Keola and Virginia were there. I think the picture they took is more meaningful to me, although I imagine it was still not the same as when they lived there. While we were taking pictures, the man and his son living there came out to find out who we were. They were very nice to us and were willing to have their pictures taken in front of the house.

By the time we went up and around the corner into town, it was raining very hard and only a school crossing guard in a yellow slicker was in the street. Two lonesome looking Mormon missionaries came up to the car and talked to us for a few moments, and then we left. How I wish we had taken time to look around a little more, even if it was raining hard. Now I know that I must go back agin soon and really see it and maybe find some descendants of William's brothers that may still live in the area. We have records of the families of two of his older brothers, Andrew and Thomas Fyfe.

Few, if any, of Grammy's ancestors were of Highland background, and most of them have been traced back to the late 1500s and 1600s in the centaral area of Scotland. There are several surnames of ancestors that might indicate certain families could have come from the Highlands for various reasons, but research has not given us any further information on the whys and wherefores.

Robert Fyfe, her grandfather, was born in Culross, a very ancient town in Perthshire, yet situated fairly close to Clackmannan. In this century it has been restored to its earlier charm and today it is the tourist attraction of a 16^th century burgh. It was created as a royal burgh in 1588 and is famous for the Culross Palace. In early times mining was an important industry and King James VI visited the mines there. There are a number of other ancestors that came from this area. In the only picture I have seen of this village which I have included in this history, it appears to be surrounded by water. In reality, it is situated on the Firth of Forth.

Robert's wife, Janet Tulloch, was the daughter of a farm labourer, born in Dunfermline in the kingdom of Fife. It is near Culross and was once the ancient capital of Scotland and home of royalty, which extended from the eleventh to the seventeenth century. It was probably begun in about 1065 and it was given a Celtic name, with "Dun" signifying a fortified place and "ferme" meaning bent or crooked, referring to a sharp bend taken by the burn or stream at the foot of Malcom's Tower and "lynne", a cascade or pool which is to be found at the waterfall there. As the stream orriver made its way to the Firth, it would often flood the rich low-lying fields of Pittencrieff where some of Janet's family lived.

It is surrounded on three sides by coalfields, which used to yield a rich harvest during the 18^th and 19^th centuries. Janet and her brothers and sisters were all born in and around the colleries of Pittencrieff, Urquhart and Baldridge. It was the home of Andrew Carnegie, which he called the "Auld Gray toun". All we had time for was to drive through the town. Next time I visit Scotland, I intend to look it over more closely.

Robert and Janet had eight children, with William, Grammy's father, being the youngest. Andrew was the eldest followed by Thomas, then Anne and George. Then came James, Mary and Robert. They raised their family in Clackmannan, for the most part, and as mentioned earlier, we have a good record of his two older brothers, Andrew and Thomas, but know little about the rest of the family.

By the time Grammy was born, her Grandfather and Grandmother Fyfe were living alone next door, their family all grown and living away from them. Living so close, Grammy must have been a joy to them throughout the almost eight years of her life, until she left for the United States. Within a matter of weeks from the time of their departure, her Grandmother Fyfe died of cancer 9 Aug 1877. She must have been ill for some time before their departure and the departing family must have known she would not live long. Robert Fyfe died two years later on 12 Apr 1879, probably of a stroke.

The Hunters were living in what I think was a hamlet in Clackmannan. It had the unusual name of "Pottery". This is recorded both in the census record of 1861 and at the time of the marriage of William and Elizabeth, which occurred on August 14, 1868.

The Hunters had heard the gospel and Elizabeth's parents were converted and joined the LDS Church not too many years after the first missionaries set foot in Scotland. We have no record of how this all came to be, but Elizabeth's father, John, joined in 1847 and his wife Margaret, the following year. Elizabeth was already a member at her marriage, having been baptized in 1856, however William was not. His parents never accepted this new religion and he and Elizabeth were married about eight years before he decided to join the church. John and Margaret Allan Hunter were very much committed to their new religion as was their entire family, who would eventually join with them and become a part of the gathering of the Saints in Utah.

The Hunters came from a family of miners or colliers way back in their ancestry. Life was certainly much better for them in the middle 1800s, but this was not always so. Although I am backtracking a little, I feel a need to explain something about the life of miners in the history of Scotland.

In the year 1606 the Scottish colliers were forced to become slaves by act of Parliament, thereby solving the man-power problem of the coal owners. This lasted until 1799, which covered a period of nearly two centuries. Children of colliers could be kept in life-long bondage. This act deprived the colliers of their customary holidays and they were forced to work a full six days every week with long, long hours. If a workman deserted his job, he was deemed a thief for he had stolen himself away from his master. Colliers were looked upon by the urban population as something less than human. They were herded together in miserable hovels in villages that were equally miserable and cheerless. In Fife, the dead collier was not allowed to lie in the same burial-ground as the free labourer. Yet the day would come that this rejected section of the working-class would become the corner-stone of the country's economic prosperity. But they never forgot their bondage. To them there was a special meaning in Barbour's "Bruce" as they heard it read in their villages, with its stirring lines:

Investigations of conditions in the mines in 1842 covering over 100 collieries in Sterlingshire, Fife, and Clackmannan showed that roughly a quarter of the workers employed (2256 out of 9090) were children under the age of thirteen. The further east the coal-field, the higher the proportion of child labour becomes. Children were committed to this work at the time they were christened in the parish church, and thus they were sold into slavery.

There were instances when children were taken into the mines to work as early as four years of age, but eight or nine was the usual age for employment to begin. This employment deteriorated the physical constitution of the children before their bodies were developed enough to handle it. In the thin-seam mines, it was particularly bad as the limbs could become crippled and the body distorted; and in general the muscular powers would give way. Many would become incapable of working in their late thirties and early forties, and death would come earlier than it should, soon after fifty, it they lived that long.

Wives and daughters were the coal-bearers, and were not paid at all as part of the collier's family. They would climb down to the bottom, take the coal on their backs, weighing anywhere from 3/4 cwt to 3 cwt (hundred weight), then travel 200 yards under-ground and up a fifty-foot turnpike stair under this heavy load as many as thirty times a day. Again, we can be sure that many of Grammy's ancestors were forced to work in the mines under these same conditions. Investigations into conditions of the workers in the mines give us some heart-rending stories:

1. Alexander Reid aged 12: I have worked two years at Sheriffhall, and go below at two or three in the morning, and hew til six at night; after that I fill and put the carts on the rails to pit-bottom. . .The pit I work in is very wet; we often work in slush over our shoe-tops. When first below I used to fall asleep; am kept awake now. It is most terrible work; I am wrought in a 30-inch seam, and am obliged to twist myself up to work on my side; this is my every-day work except Friday, when I go down at 12 at night, and come up at 12 at noon, etc.

2. Isobel Hogg, 53 years of age was a coal bearer: Been married 37 years; it was the practice to marry early, when the coals were all carried on women's backs, men needed us; from the great sore labour false births are frequent and very dangerous. I have four daughters married, and all work below til they bear their bairns (babies) -- one is very badly now from working while pregnant, which brought on a miscarriage from which she is not expected to recover.

3. Margaret Watson, 16 years of age, coal bearer; I was first taken below to carry coals when I was six years old, and have never been away from the work, except a few evenings in the summer months, when some of us go to Carlops, two miles over the moor, to learn the reading: reads a little. I was never taught to sew, much more shape a dress, yet I stitch up my pit clothes. We often have bad air below; had some a short time since, and lost brother by it; he sunk down, and I tried to draw him out, but the air stopped my breath, and I was forced to gang (leave).

In investigating conditions in the mines, one manager said, "I see that no particular advantage would arise from excluding women from the pits, as they are used to the work, and fit for nothing else, and it might increase the price of cal 2d to 2 1/2d per ton.⁽⁵⁴⁾

Scotland was a land of "rough plenty" where people enjoyed an abundant if monotonous diet in which the main components were oatmeal and milk, along with ale and broth, and a certain amount of mutton and beef for those higher in the social scale. But famine could be an infrequent but terrible visitor prior to 1650, which could send the parish death rate rocketing.⁽⁵⁵⁾ The kirk session (the ruling elders), was responsible for the relief of the poor from monies collected at meeting time, but many deaths still occurred from starvation.

Just prior to Grammy's birth, life was not so difficult and perhaps a variety of foods were more plentiful. However, they still faced enough difficulties that caused many people to leave and come to America and Canada and even Australia. But for our people, the major reason was still religious.

Again, the kirk session was responsible for setting up a school in every parish, with the Scots becoming literate long before most other Europeans. Many children had access to some books, but if not, they were richly blessed with a store of local legend, song and ballad. Those who were in the upper social levels, lived with their parents what was considered a cultured and intellectual society of that time. This was bound to develop a lively, curious young mind. But on the other hand, schooldays, were too often both hard and dull. Boys were certainly well drilled in Latin; a part of learning necessary for those who would proceed to the universities, where all were always an important part of the school curriculum. School discipline was often harsh and sometimes on the verge of being destructive, bordering on the sadistic.⁽⁵⁶⁾

The children of the labourer, and particularly the collier's children were not so fortunate, with little time for study of any kind. They spent very long days in the mines from dawn to dusk, and maybe in the summer for a few weeks they could get some education. However, in spite of this, Scotland has been known for its good educational system, considering better than even that of England. I wonder how much schooling Grammy received before she left Scotland. I would think she had attended school by the time she was six which would have given her maybe two years of school. By the time she was old enough for school, conditions must have been somewhat better than in the eighteenth or seventeenth centuries.

I am sorry that I did not question Grammy more or listened more closely. She could have told us so much about her life in Scotland. Be that as it may, I am grateful that we have the little that has been written down by those family members mentioned earlier.

Her birth, on the morning of the 20^th of June 1869, her Grandfather Hunter's fiftieth birthday, was a pretty important date for all of us. John Hunter and Margaret Allan's first two children died young, making Elizabeth the oldest child in the family. This made Margaret the first grandchild for them. Although they were now "Mormons", there was no branch of the church nearby at her birth, so she was christened in the Scottish church. This was also the case for her brother, Robert who was born 8 May 1871 and only lived a few months, dying 23 July 1871, and for her sister Janet born 3 Jan 1873.

Eventually a branch of the Church was organized in Clackmannan and it became a powerful force in the lives of the Hunter family. Elizabeth was also deeply committed to the Gospel and through her influence, it was to affect Grammy as well. Several of John Hunter's children had joined a group of Mormons in 1876 and sailed to the United States, traveling on to Utah. One year later, the rest of the Hunter family decided it was time for them to follow. At this time the Church was encouraging the members to come to "Zion" and strengthen the Church there.

We know little about what took place prior to the journey, but they set sail on June 13, 1877 aboard the ship "Wyoming". Margaret was seven at the time, but turned eight enroute across the ocean. The agent that took responsibility for the group of saints was Joseph F. Smith, a future prophet and President of the Church. They were listed in the immigration records (Family History film #0025693) as follows:

These were the members of the family that traveled together. I have not figured out why Margaret was listed with her grandparents and who two year old Mary might have been listed with William and Elizabeth. Also, Margaret was actually seven years old and Janet had just barely turned six in May of that year. From past experience I have found that the shipping records were not always accurate. During the trip, Grammy celebrated her eighth birthday but had to wait until they arrived in Utah before she could be baptized. They arrived in New York at Castle Gardens on June 23, 1877.

The ship, Wyoming, was built in 1845 but later rigged as a steam ship, weighing 912 tons with two decks, and under steam was able to cross the ocean in ten days.⁽⁵⁷⁾ Traveling in the 1870s was a far cry from the 1850s for the emigrant. Ships were more secure by the time of their journey, and under the church leadership aboard ship, the experience was used to fellowship the converts into a new way of life and discipline them for survival in the Great Salt Lake Valley. They arrived by train in Ogden, Utah on July 3, 1877 and Grammy looked forward to her baptism day which took place sometime in August of that year.

A new way of life was about to begin for the Hunters and the Fyfes. They spent the first few weeks with some of the family who had arrived about a year earlier and were living in Riverdale, "then known as Stringtown". John and Margaret had a total of eleven children and all nine of the living children joined the church and came to Utah. After a time, two of their sons, Robert and Adam, took their families and settled in Scofield, Utah where they could work in the coal mines there. Unfortunately they were both in the great mine explosion of May 1, 1900 where about 250 miners were killed. They lost both their sons, one son-in-law, Frank Strang, five grandsons and three nephews.

William was able to obtain work in a blacksmith shop in Salt Lake City and move his family there soon after their arrival. But it was only for about one year because Elizabeth's health had deteriorated to the point that they felt it was best for them to return to the Ogden area. William's parents had tried to persuade them to stay in Scotland because her health was not good, but her desire to come to Utah was too strong for her to be dissuaded. She felt that if she wee to die, she wanted to be buried in Zion. There is no doubt, it was very hard for the Fyfe's to lose this little granddaughter who had lived next door to them all her life and was so much a part of their lives, knowing they would never see this part of their family again.

Grammy was given a great deal of responsibility for her younger sister, Jennie, and worked hard, ping her mother with the daily chores. She soon learned her way around Salt Lake City, doing most of the family's shopping. She attended her church meetings regularly, always listening intently so she could go home and repeat each sermon to her mother. During the time the family lived in Salt Lake City, their neighborhood was raided by Indians. It happened one night while William was away and Elizabeth was so frightened that she hustled the girls over to a friend's house where they all hid under a bed.

On December 17, 1878, the Fyfe's were received into the Ogden 2^nd Ward following their move to Ogden. William was given the opportunity to run a blacksmith shop, following the death of the owner, John Nicholas. They found a home on twenty-fifth street and Margaret was able to attend school in a two-story adobe building located in Grant Avenue just a short distance away. She attended Primary at the old city hall which would have been close to their residence. Grammy remembered well how Eliza R. Snow, one of the early leaders in Primary and an early General Relief Society president, visited her Primary and showed them the watch that had belonged to the Prophet Joseph Smith that had been shattered at the time of his death.

Grammy's mother, not only suffered from ill health, but at some point in her life, she lost her sight and Grammy talked often of how she would sit and read to her mother. She, too, would suffer a similar affliction before her death. Sadly, on October 20, 1879, her mother, Elizabeth, passed away, leaving two young daughters, ages ten and eight.

William sent Grammy to live with her grandparents in Riverdale. Whether Jennie went with her or not, I do not know. At any rate, this was a very difficult time for her. Not only did she miss her mother, but it was necessary to attend a new school three miles away. Her only mode of transportation was her feet, and there were no houses along that three mile walk. I often drive from Riverdale into Ogden and wonder what kind of road or path she had to travel. Bad weather would prevent her from attending school, especially that winter of 1879. Grammy told me once of what might have been that first Christmas spent with the Hunters in which there were no gifts for her, while there were gifts for the other children. How sad she must have felt! I tried to find out where they lived in Riverdale but no one seems to know. I learned where Grammy's Uncle John Hunter lived and I have been given a picture of the home. Probably they were in this house because John and Margaret Hunter eventually moved to Kanesville, while their son John and his family remained in Riverdale. Margaret died there on 11 Dec 1900.

Time-wise, she was probably with them for not much more than a year as her father married Ann Affleck Nicholas in about 1880 or early in 1881. She was the widow of the former owner of the blacksmith shop William was operating. Margaret soon returned to Ogden so she could attend school more regularly. From what I have been told, Grammy liked Annie as she was treated well by her, apparently much better than her own father had treated her.

She was able to attend the new Central School, and among her teachers were Professor Moench and his wife, Delecta Hill Moench. Her last and very favorite teacher was Richard Horn. She attended school until she was fifteen, which would have been until 1885. Knowing Grammy's love of learning, she must have been very appreciative for what education she could receive.

Annie and her second husband John, had six children and she had one son by her first husband, Joseph Tite, whom she married in England. They would have ranged in ages from twelve to three, at the time of her marriage to William Fyfe, making it a rather large family, including Jennie and Margaret. Grammy was one year younger than the oldest boy, John.

William and Annie started their own family, giving birth to a little girl on Dec 6, 1881 whom they named Anne. Margaret became very fond of this little girl and was a lot of help to Annie. This little girl was followed by a boy named William, born Feb. 1, 1885, but she never really recovered fromt eh effects of his birth and remained very ill until her death, 20 Feb 1885. The responsibilities placed on Grammy must have been very demanding at such a young age. Shortly before her death, Annie asked Margaret to care for her young children. Margaret struggled to do what she could for the family, but little William, was very frail and died 20 Mar 1885, leaving Margaret to mourn not only for her step-mother but for this new baby as well. The child, Anne, lived until she was about six and then, sadly, she, too, passed away. Grammy continued to stay in the Nicholas household doing housework for $1.25 per week until the time of her marriage. She also spent time working in various homes supporting herself. Life had not been easy for her but as always, adversity is a character builder, which prepared her to go on and make the most of her opportunities without complaint.

It was in the spring of 1886, as she was turning seventeen that she met a young man at his sister's birthday party. She had become friends with Mary Ann Bott, more commonly known as "Polly", who happened to have a brother by the name of Joe. It would be fun to learn more about their courtship, but, again, no one thought to ask or write it down. From the picture taken about the time they were married, I see them as a very attractive couple and interesting to see them together, with Joe standing six fee two and Margaret only four feet eleven. On November 25, 1886, they were married by Professor Lewis W. Shirtliff. The marriage was witnessed by Mrs. Shirtliff and Joe Hall, brother-in-law of Joseph Barfoot Bott.

But before we go any further in their life together, we should learn something about Papa's heritage. Much history has already been covered, but because Papa's ancestry comes from London and the surrounding area as well as way up in Lincolnshire, this is where we will start.

HERITAGE OF JOSEPH BARFOOT BOTT

The earliest Bott ancestor that we have been able to identify is John Bott of Blankney in Lincolnshire, born about 1737. We have been unable to extend our Bott line back any further than him and his immediate family because we cannot identify his christening in Lincolnshire or in the surrounding counties. The name of John Bott is just too common. However, Marilyn [sister of Annette Bott Richards] has been able to extend his wife’s Brown line.

We are not sure of the derivation of the name BOTT as there are several theories. The Historical Research Center says that it is a nickname derived from a person or physical characteristic of the original bearer. It could be from the medieval pet-names of “Bot”, a French word meaning toad, brought to England by the Normans, and “Butt”, an old English word generally meaning short stature. With the mingling of so many peoples, it could come from the Anglo-Saxons or even the Danes who populated the areas in and around Lincolnshire. It has also been suggested that it could be of German lineage.

According to the research of one of John Henry Bott’s sons, there is a parish in Lincolnshire called Bottesford and some believe the name may have come from St. Botolphford, a Saxon Saint for which a monastery is named or a contraction of Botolph or Bot’stown, also in Lincolnshire. In any event, the name “Bott” has been around a long time in England, even as early as 900 A. D.

The ancient inhabitants of Lincolnshire were a tribe of people called the "Coritani or Coriceni" that extended into surrounding counties. According to historians, the area was first settled about 300 years before Christ when a large colony of Belgae emigrated from Gaul (France). However, much of the ancient coast was further inland and the land, eventually recovered, had been a marshland. Archeologists have discovered that at one time forests covered much of the land. At the time of the Roman invasion it was necessary for them to create canals, drain the land and form embankments to keep the water back. It is suggested that if any violent convulsion of nature ever did take place, which reduced this neighborhood from the state of a "well-wooded country," to that swamp or morass, it must have occurred at a period considerable before the Roman invasion.⁽⁵⁸⁾

Not far from Blankney is a large canal or drain called the "Car dyke" or Caer-dyke, meaning the ditch of the city. It was sixty feet wide and extended forty miles from the river Welland to the river Witham near Lincoln, with a broad flat bank on either side. It catches all the run-off from the surrounding hills, which would otherwise inundate the land. It was maintained until the Romans left but was neglected following their departure.⁽⁵⁹⁾

The roads built by the Romans in Britain was one of their great contributions to the island, performed at great expanse and with immense labor. Generally they followed a straight line from one place to another. Lincolnshire has three of the seven principle roads constructed by them in England. One of them was called "Ermin-Street" and passed from Sleaford through Dorrington, Digby and Blankney. The Botts would have been well aware of this road.⁽⁶⁰⁾ During the Saxon reign, Lincolnshire was part of the kingdom of Mercia.

Lincolnshire is a maritime county on the east coast of England where the main occupations of its inhabitants are agriculture and fishing. Because the area where our Botts lived is located inland and not far from the city of Lincoln, I would assume that John Bott and most of his family were connected with farming. As we drove through Lincoln county, I was anxious to see Blankney and get a feeling for the land on which these people lived. As we left the city of Lincoln it seemed like we traveled for hours and saw a vast, never ending expanse of green fields with a few houses scattered here and there.

When we arrived in Blankney I was disappointed to see that all the cottages looked alike and I could tell they had been remodeled in recent years. Looking back, I feel certain we did not get into the main area of the village, but at the time, it looked like we were seeing all there was to see. So we took a few pictures and headed to our next destination. I wish I had looked a little closer and spent more time there. And had I been up on my genealogy, I would have taken time to see Digby and Dorrington where John's wife's family were from.

Papa's father, Philip Wise Bott, had a notebook in which he had written some information about his Bott family. I never saw this notebook, but the information was transcribed by Mary D. Bott, a daughter-in-law of John Henry. According to her, he said that his grandfather had been born at "the Greanman. Blankney Parish, Lincolnheath - a half way house", which I believe would be an inn. In all our research, we have never been able to establish this as fact. However, we know that there was a Greenman Inn in Blankney which was quite well-known in its day. In fact it was a place where the "country ge